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We present new karyotype records for six  Proechimys  species from the Brazilian Amazon.  P. echinothrix  from the region of Purus River had 2n = 32 chromosomes and a FN = 58, while  P. cuvieri  from the region of the Japurá River presented 2n = 28 and FN = 46. All individuals presented hybridization with an 18S rDNA probe in a single chromosome pair, with the exception of  P. cuvieri  from the Japurá region, which presented a third signal in one of the homologs of pair 1. No ITS were found in any of the individuals. Our data supports the hypothesis that the  P. cuvieri  population from the Japurá Basin and  P. echinothrix  from the lower Purus are new taxonomic entities. Our data expand the geographic distribution of the cytotype (2n = 40, FN = 54) described for  P. gardneri  from the Madeira River, and the cytotype (2n = 46, FN = 50), described for  P. guyannensis , as well as the recently-described cytotype of  P. goeldii  (2n = 16, FN = 14). No clear pattern of chromosomal evolution has yet been defined in  Proechimys , despite the considerable karyotypic diversity of the genus.

New karyotype records for the genus Proechimys (Rodentia: Echimyidae) from Brazilian Amazonia