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Do not panic if you confuse “atherosclerosis” and “arteriosclerosis”. Few people, including teachers and researchers in the medical world, can describe in few words the difference between these pathological conditions, which have distinct impacts on clinical practice and epidemiological studies. The confusion has become very well established. The American Heart Association publishes a journal called “Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology” in which most of the articles address the experimental, clinical and epidemiological aspects of atherosclerosis. In contrast, the same association publishes “Hypertension”, which has a permanent section on “arteriosclerosis”. The differentiation between arteriosclerosis and atherosclerosis comes from one of the fathers of modern cardiology, George Pickering.1 I prefer to summarize this discussion with two clear definitions: 1. Atherosclerosis is a complex inflammatory process associated with the presence of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol in the intima and media of the arterial wall. 2. Arteriosclerosis consists of functional depletion of large-artery elasticity.

New findings about atherosclerosis in Brazil from the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil)