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portuguesO empilhamento genico se refere a introducao de dois ou mais transgenes de interesse agronomico na mesma planta. Os principais metodos de producao de plantas geneticamente modificadas com empilhamento genico envolvem (i) a introducao simultânea, pelo processo de co-transformacao, e (ii) a introducao sequencial de genes, pelos processos de re-transformacao ou por cruzamento entre eventos transgenicos. Em geral, a escolha do melhor metodo varia de acordo com a especie de interesse e a disponibilidade de construcoes geneticas e eventos transgenicos preexistentes. Tambem e apresentado aqui o uso da tecnologia de minicromossomos como tecnologia potencial de empilhamento genico. O objetivo desta revisao e discutir aspectos relacionados a metodologia para o empilhamento de genes a combinacao de caracteristicas (obtida via empilhamento de genes de interesse agronomico) via engenharia genetica. Alem de discutir, e apresentado uma lista de culturas e genes aprovados comercialmente que tem sido usado em estrategias de empilhamento e uma discussao sobre normas regulatorias. Um numero maior de eventos com empilhamento de genes foi aprovado e liberado no mercado na ultima decada. Inicialmente, a combinacao das caracteristicas de tolerância a herbicidas e resistencia a insetos era a mais popular, principalmente em soja e milho. Recentemente, estas caracteristicas combinadas com tolerância a seca nessas culturas foram liberadas comercialmente. Novas caracteristicas combinadas estao entrando na lavoura, incluindo aumento da qualidade, resistencia a doencas e aumento do valor nutricional. Em outras palavras, o empilhamento genico esta crescendo como tecnologia para contribuir para a seguranca alimentar e sustentabilidade EnglishGene stacking refers to the introduction of two or more transgenes of agronomic interest in the same plant. The main methods for genetically engineering plants with gene stacking involve (i) the simultaneous introduction, by the co-transformation process, and (ii) the sequential introduction of genes using the re-transformation processes or the sexual crossing between separate transgenic events. In general, the choice of the best method varies according to the species of interest and the availability of genetic constructions and preexisting transgenic events. We also present here the use of minichromosome technology as a potential future gene stacking technology. The purpose of this review was to discuss aspects related to the methodology for gene stacking and trait stacking (a gene stacking strategy to combine characteristics of agronomical importance) by genetic engineering. In addition, we presented a list of crops and genes approved commercially that have been used in stacking strategies for combined characteristics and a discussion about the regulatory standards. An increased number of approved and released gene stacking events reached the market in the last decade. Initially, the most common combined characteristics were herbicide tolerance and insect resistance in soybean and maize. Recently, commercially available varieties were released combining these traits with drought tolerance in these commodities. New traits combinations are reaching the farmer’s fields, including higher quality, disease resistant and nutritional value improved. In other words, gene stacking is growing as a strategy to contribute to food safety and sustainability

Gene stacking as a strategy to confer characteristics of agronomic importance in plants by genetic engineering