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BACKGROUND    Acinetobacter baumannii  outbreaks have been associated with pandemic International Clones (ICs), but the virulence factors involved with their pathogenicity are sparsely understood. Pigment production has been linked with bacterial pathogenicity, however, this phenotype is rarely observed in  A. baumannii .    OBJECTIVES   This study aimed to characterise the reddish-brown pigment produced by  A. baumannii  strains, and to determine its biosynthetic pathway by genomic approaches.    METHODS   Pigment characterisation and antimicrobial susceptibility were conducted by phenotypic tests. The clonal relationship was obtained by pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST). The genome of an  A. baumannii  was obtained for characterisation of genes involved with pigment production.    FINDINGS   The pyomelanin was the pigment produced by  A. baumannii . Strains were extensively drug resistant and belonged to the IC-5/ST79. The pyomelanin biosynthetic pathway was determined and presented a particular architecture concerning the peripheral ( tyrB ,  phhB  and  hpd ) and central ( hmgB ,  hmgC  and  hmgR ) metabolic pathway genes. The identification of a distant HmgA homologue, probably without dioxygenase activity, could explain pyomelanin production. Virulence determinants involved with adherence ( csuA/BABCDE  and a T5bSS-carrying genomic island), and iron uptake ( basABCDEFGHIJ ,  bauABCDEF  and  barAB ) were characterised.    MAIN CONCLUSION   There is a biosynthetic pathway compatible with the pyomelanin production observed in persistent  A. baumannii  IC-5 strains.

Pyomelanin biosynthetic pathway in pigment-producer strains from the pandemic Acinetobacter baumannii IC-5