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BACKGROUND   The influence of  Plasmodium  spp. infection in the health of Southern brown howler monkey,  Alouatta guariba clamitans , the main reservoir of malaria in the Atlantic Forest, is still unknown.    OBJECTIVES   The aim of this study was to investigate the positivity rate of  Plasmodium  infection in free-living howler monkeys in an Atlantic Forest fragment in Joinville/SC and to associate the infection with clinical, morphometrical, haematological and biochemical alterations.    METHODS   Molecular diagnosis of  Plasmodium  infection in the captured monkeys was performed by  Nested -polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (18S rRNA and  coxI ). Haematological and biochemical parameters were compared among infected and uninfected monkeys; clinical and morphometrical parameters were also compared.    FINDINGS   The positivity rate of  Plasmodium  infection was 70% among forty captured animals, the highest reported for neotropical primates. None statistical differences were detected in the clinical parameters, and morphometric measures comparing infected and uninfected groups. The main significant alteration was the higher alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels in infected compared to uninfected monkeys.    MAIN CONCLUSIONS   Therefore,  Plasmodium  infection in howler monkeys may causes haematological/biochemical alterations which might suggest hepatic impairment. Moreover, infection must be monitored for the eco-epidemiological surveillance of malaria in the Atlantic Forest and during primate conservation program that involves the animal movement, such as translocations.

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Plasmodium infection and its association with biochemical and haematological parameters in free-living Alouatta guariba clamitans (Cabrera, 1940) (Primates: Atelidae) in Southern Brazil