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Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first retrovirus to be isolated in humans. At least 5–10 million individuals harbor the virus worldwide1. In Brazil, between 800,000 and 2.5 million individuals are infected with HTLV-11,2. The geographic distribution of infection is heterogenous in this country and more pronounced in the North and Northeast, mainly affecting low-income populations2,3. One of the few studies that attempted to estimate the prevalence of infection in a general population was conducted in the city of Salvador, reported to be approximately 1.8%3. Most studies involving Brazilian populations have been performed in specific groups, such as blood donors or pregnant women, and the prevalence in the overall population remains unknown4.

Increasing awareness of human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 infection: a serious, invisible, and neglected health problem in Brazil