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On Sunday, April 1, 2018, Professor Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig, 89, died of pulmonary embolism in New York City, where she lived and had spent most of her life working on a vaccine against malaria. Despite her impaired mobility, the consequence of a fall, she remained committed to malaria research using non-infective sporozoites as the source of antigens. Two of the human vaccines presently in clinical trials are based on her original research. Ruth was born in Vienna, Austria in 1928, arriving in São Paulo, Brazil in 1939 at age 11 with her parents Eugenia and Barouch Sonntag, both medical doctors, and a younger brother, who died in a tragic accident years later while working in a Kibbutz in Israel. Her family migrated to Brazil, fleeing the totalitarian regime in Germany to which Austria had just been annexed and where her father, a non-religious Jew, had been imprisoned. While her mother was waiting in line to visit her husband at the prison one day, she was identified by an Austrian Nazi who let them go, and the family escaped. They first went to Belgium, where Ruth spent most of her youth, and then to Brazil, where she attended school in São Paulo (Figure 1 and Figure 2). She studied medicine at the University of São Paulo (USP), and there she met her classmate, Victor Nussenzweig, who would become her life companion and collaborator. Like her, he came from a traditional Jewish family that emigrated from Poland to escape pogroms. Victor was born in São Paulo and was interested in social politics, serving as president of the students association and was a member of the communist party when they first met. Ruth soon convinced him to become a scientist instead of a political leader; she believed that it would be more helpful to FIGURE 1: Ruth (arrow) as a young student in São Paulo.

Professor Ruth Sonntag Nussenzweig (1928-2018) First steps towards a successful anti-sporozoite vaccine against malaria