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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an important zoonosis in Brazil. Previous identification of parasitized dogs can also help prevent the disease in humans, even in non-endemic areas of the country. The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends diagnosis in dogs using a DPP ®  (rapid test) as a screening test and an immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) as a confirmatory test (DPP ® +ELISA), and culling infected dogs as a legal control measure. However, the accuracy of these serological tests has been questioned.METHODS:   VL in dogs was investigated in a non-endemic area of the São Paulo state for three consecutive years, and the performances of different diagnostic tests were compared.RESULTS:   A total of 331 dog samples were collected in 2015, 373 in 2016, and 347 in 2017. The seroprevalence by DPP ® +ELISA was 3.3, 3.2, and 0.3%, respectively, and by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), it was 3.0, 5.6, and 5.5%, respectively. ELISA confirmed 18.4% of DPP ®  positive samples. The concordance between the IFA and DPP ®  was 83.9%. The concordance between IFA and DPP ® +ELISA was 92.9%. A molecular diagnostic test (PCR) was performed in 63.2% of the seropositive samples, all of which were negative.CONCLUSIONS:   In non-endemic areas, diagnostic tests in dogs should be carefully evaluated to avoid false results.

Investigation of canine visceral leishmaniasis in a non-endemic area in Brazil and the comparison of serological and molecular diagnostic tests