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A magnetosonic shock wave propagating obliquely to an external magnetic field can repeatedly accelerate thermal ions if θ0≈45°, where θ0 is the angle between the wave normal and the external magnetic field. The ion energy gains in this process are theoretically analyzed, and an expression for the maximum energy is derived. This theory is verified using a two-dimensional, electromagnetic particle code. Furthermore, whistler wave instabilities generated by the accelerated ions are studied. The simulation demonstrates that whistler waves are excited in both the upstream and downstream regions, but that the whistler waves in these two regions have different frequencies and wavenumbers. It is shown that the characteristics of these waves can be explained by linear theory.

Repeated Acceleration of Thermal Ions by an Oblique Shock Wave and Associated Whistler Instabilities