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The Willow Tit Poecile montanus is highly sedentary and breeding pairs remain in their exclusive areas throughout the year. During the winter, these areas are defended by small, non-kin flocks, formed as the roaming yearlings become sedentary and join adults during late summer and autumn. Once established, stable social hierarchies are maintained in these flocks during the winter. The winter flocks consist normally of the socially dominant adult mated pair and two mated juvenile pairs, one higher-ranked and one lower-ranked. Here, individual Willow Tits, colour-ringed as juveniles in their first autumn in a subalpine forest in Norway, were followed till they disappeared. None of the lower ranked birds survived their first winter, whereas only 4 of 71 higher-ranked juvenile pairs disappeared during this time. Annual survival for dominant flock members was about 50% and similar for males and females. Thus, about half of the 71 pairs survived their first winter, about 25% survived two winters, 8.5% survived three winters, and 5.6% survived four winters. Alpha pairs remained mated and defended their common territory across years. Maximum age as revealed by ringing showed one female became six years old and two males ringed as adults were at least nine years old when last observed. The main factor associated with survival was early flock establishment that led to a high rank position among the juvenile flock members. Body size seemed insignificant. Birds that survived their first winter either succeeded in establishing as territory owners or they were forced into the role as floaters and probably perished.

Longevity of Willow Tits (Poecile montanus): the significance of flock membership, social rank and body size