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The number of activities designated as criminal has increased with modern law-making. In these overcriminalised times,1 courts can no longer guarantee a complete trial for every criminal case. Simplified procedures have become an effective way to unburden courts by means of procedural economy. This article explores penal orders under German criminal law. A penal order is a form of simplified procedure for minor crimes punishable by fines or suspended prison terms of maximum one year.2 More specifically, this article investigates the delicate balance between procedural economy and the risks of wrongful convictions when using penal orders. First, I present recent empirical data dealing with wrongful convictions in Hamburg, Germany. I introduce the legal concept of penal orders and its development and features, before discussing how penal orders challenge important procedural principles and threaten the rights of individuals subject to criminal charges. Finally, I present the

Penal Orders and the Risk of Wrongful Convictions