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What happened to criminal procedure in Livonia during the Swedish period? And to what extent is the development specifically linked to Sweden, or to a European developement more generally? Livonia became part of Sweden through the Truce of Altmark in 1629, after having belonged to Poland for almost 70 years (1561–1629). The Livonian Confederation, dissolved in 1561 as a result of the Polish-Swedish war, had been a loose entity consisting of five relatively independent units (the lands of the Livonian Order, the Archbishopric of Riga, and the Bishoprics of Courland, Dorpat, and Osel-Wiek), which were also internally anything but effectively centralised. The lack of centralisation had brought independence to the local land-owning nobility, and the tradition had very much survived the Polish period. The tradition of the nobility’s great independence continued in the Swedish period, not the least because Swedish noblemen now held high stakes themselves, having been enfeoffed on large estates in the conquered Livonia as rewards for their war services. Their position was, therefore, considerably stronger than that of the nobility in Sweden proper. Another facet adding to the Livonian nobility’s independence was that the province was never incorporated into the Swedish Realm, which comprised only Sweden and Finland. This meant that the Livonians were not represented in the Swedish Diet, the local Ritterschaft holding its own Landtag instead.1

Claiming Authority: Criminal Procedure in Seventeenth-Century Swedish Livonia