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In 1569 a new Polish-Lithuanian union was concluded in Lublin; the union strengthened the political, economic and cultural relationship between the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Both states were united in Krewo in 1385. Nevertheless, until 1569, the union was mostly personal – based on the stable rule of the Jagiellons. In Lublin it was converted into a closer federation of the two countries (both of which kept their names and territory) united from that moment on not only by one monarch elected by both Poles and Lithuanians, but also by one common noble parliament, common foreign policy and defence, the same monetary system (with distinct state treasuries) and similar administrative structures1. Th us, in Polish historiography the Union of Lublin is referred to as the real union to emphasise the fact of there being a variety of real bonds connecting the two states and nations2. On the other hand, the circumstances of the conclusion of the new union infl uenced the divergent attitudes of the Poles and Lithuanians and aff ected the relations between the nations, which is refl ected even in present times. Th at is why the circumstances and the fi nal outcome of the negotiations in Lublin should be recalled here since they determined the policy carried out by the Lithuanians during the interregna and following the death of the last Jagiellon on the Polish-Lithuanian throne. At the beginning of the second half of the 16th century, in the face of the war between Lithuania and Muscovy lasting from 1558, Lithuanian magnates, who

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The issue regarding “the reform of the union” of Lublin in Lithuanian policy in the period of three interregna following the death of king Sigismund Augustus (1572–1588) (English)