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Objective: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) or hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection increases hepatocellular carcinogenesis. Some studies suggest that HBV and HCV can activate androgen signaling. We assessed the association between hepatitis virus infection and prostate cancer in the Japanese population. Patients and methods: We retrospectively reviewed 212 patients who received needle biopsy of the prostate between 2013 and 2014. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-HCV antibody in serum were evaluated by chemiluminescent immunoassay. Prostate cancer was detected in 182 (85.8%) patients. Results: Serum HBsAg was positive in one (0.5%) prostate cancer patient and one (3.3%) control patient (p = 0.264). Serum anti-HCV antibody was positive in four (2.2%) prostate cancer patients and one (3.3%) control patient (p = 0.537). Conclusions: Our results suggest that HBV and HCV infection is not associated with prostate cancer development and progression in Japanese patients. Abbreviations: HBV: hepatitis B virus; HCV: hepatitis C virus; HBsAg: hepatitis B surface antigen; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; AR: androgen receptor; CLIA: chemiluminescent immune assay; PSA: prostate-specific antigen; HBx: hepatitis B virus X Introduction Bacterial or viral infections may be involved in prostate cancer development and progression [1,2]. In particular, patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have a higher prevalence and mortality of prostate cancer [3-5]. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HCV are wellknown carcinogenic viruses in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and chronic infection increases HCC risk. In addition to these viruses, androgenic steroids might be responsible for HCC [6,7]. Some studies have shown that HBV/HCV infections promote androgen receptor (AR) signaling in HCC [8-14]. Prevalence of HBV-associated HCC is higher in men than women [15], supporting the association between AR signaling and HBV infection. AR signaling is essential for prostate cancer development and progression, therefore, its association with HBV/HCV infection might play an important role in prostate cancer development or progression. Here, we evaluated the association between HBV/HCV infection and prostate cancer in Japanese patients. Patients and methods Patients A total of 212 biopsy specimens were obtained from Yokohama City University Hospital and related hospitals. Thirty specimens were diagnosed as non-cancer tissues and 182 as prostate cancer. Each patient gave informed consent for the use of clinical information, and the study was approved by Yokohama City University Ethical Committee. Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (HBsAg) and Anti-HCV Antibody Detection To detect HBV and HCV infection, HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody were measured by chemiluminescent immune assay (CLIA), which is routinely used in our hospitals. The results of CLIA and related clinical information of each patient were used to detect HBV and HCV infection. Statistical analysis All statistical analysis was performed using PASW Statistics 18 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Age and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level were tested for normality by Kolmogolov–Smirnov analysis. Then, the Mann–Whitney U test was used to test the association with cancer and normal samples. To test the association between each virus infection and clinical characteristics, we applied Fisher’s exact test. A value of p < 0.05 indicated statistical significance. Results Patient characteristics are listed in Table 1. Thirty non-cancer and Correspondence to: Hitoshi Ishiguro, Photocatalyst Group, Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, 3-25-13, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. Tel: +81-44-280-1181, Fax: +81-44-280-1182, E-mail: pg-ishiguro@newkast.or.jp

Detection of serum hepatitis B Virus antigen and hepatitis C virus antibody from prostate cancer patients in Japan