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Cultural displacement is an effect of gentrification taking place in North Portland, Oregon. The work of Hyra (2015) and Abrahamson (2005) is applied to the Eastern African enclave in Northeast Portland, which has worked to maintain attachments to their home countries and culture and recreate places of community they had in their homeland. I used qualitative research to collect data in the form of interviews with members of this enclave to highlight the negative consequences of displacement within a community. I also interviewed employees at housing organizations who work with immigrants and refugees, a documentary filmmaker who focuses on issues of gentrification and displacement, and an affordable housing developer. Having arrived in the U.S. as refugees fleeing war, placemaking has been an essential part in refugees’ struggle to develop agency and social solidarity. Additionally placemaking gives immigrants and refugees the opportunity to preserve their country’s culture by creating spaces where their heritage is celebrated and actively maintained through the means of socialization and participation in long-held traditions and customs. The work of Hunter (2016), which describes Black placemaking, is applied to the Eastern African enclave in Portland. The paper seeks to answer the question: In what ways does displacement affect placemaking? Taking away these spaces from immigrant and refugee communities takes away their agency by eliminating the spaces in which they create social ties, memories, and shared experiences. It also takes away the collective power they have developed over time to resist the harmful effects of larger power structures. Cycles of Displacement: East African Urban Enclave in Northeast Portland, Oregon 3 Acknowledgements The author of this study would like to thank everyone who supported her through this process, including members of the PSU faculty: Austin Cummings for introducing her to the world of qualitative research, and Karen Gibson for advising her through the first leg of this journey. A special thank you to Hunter Shobe for agreeing to advise her part way through the school year and providing his expertise on mental mapping and geography. She would also like to thank Rahel Gemechu for opening her eyes to the experiences of immigrants and refugees, and for connecting her with IRCO’s Africa House. A big thank you to the employees at Africa House, including Dadir Nuur (Kadir) for their help in the process of finding interview subjects, as well as for allowing her to gain a greater understanding of the African immigrant and refugee community in Portland. Thank you to Marcco Higham, Chanelle Parris, Savannah Quarum and Carol Robidoux for editing her thesis and morally supporting her through this entire process. A special thanks to Serena Dressel for all her advice and comradery. Thank you to the employees at Lutheran Community Services, Home Forward, and the Portland Housing Bureau for providing their perspectives. Thank you to Cornelius Swart and Rob Justus for agreeing to be interviewed. And a huge thank you to all of the immigrants and refugees who agreed to be interviewed. It was a humbling experience. Cycles of Displacement: East African Urban Enclave in Northeast Portland, Oregon 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract2 Acknowledgements3 List of Tables6 List of Figures7 Introduction8 Concepts and Background10 Enclaves10 Gentrification17 Displacement19 Lack of Affordable Housing20 Methods22 Positionality Statement22 Interview Process23 Mind Maps26 Data27 Community27 Housing29 Displacement31 Gentrification32 Communication35 Cycles of Displacement: East African Urban Enclave in Northeast Portland, Oregon 5 Safety37 Mind Maps40 Conclusion51 Works Cited54 Appendix55 Cycles of Displacement: East African Urban Enclave in Northeast Portland, Oregon 6 List of Tables 1. Immigrant and Refugee Interviewees23 2. Employees at Organizations that Provide Housing Interviewees24 3. Other Interviewees25 Cycles of Displacement: East African Urban Enclave in Northeast Portland, Oregon 7 List of Figures 1. African Ancestry Profile, Multnomah County, 199011 2. African Ancestry Profile, Multnomah County, 200011 3. African Ancestry Profile, Multnomah County, 200712 4. Demographic change in Northeast Portland, 2010-201617 5. Increase in home values in Northeast Portland, 1990s21 6. Stages of gentrification based on census tracts in Northeast Portland, 2010-201622 7. Sahra’s* Mind Map40 8. Ben Gernert’s Mind Map of places he frequents41 9. Ben Gernert’s Mind Map of places his clients frequent42 10. Ben Gernert’s Mind Map of where his clients are resettled43 11. Ladan’s* mind map of where members of the Somali population live and places where they form community44 12. Ladan’s* breakdown of where the Somali population she works with live45 13. Aida’s* Mind Map46 14. Maya’s* Mind Map47 15. Joseph’s* Mind Map48 16. Michelle DePass’ mind map of her study area for the Portland Housing Bureau49 17. Genet’s* Mind Map50 18. How much assistance refugee clients at LCS receive based on family size51 Cycles of Displacement: East African Urban Enclave in Northeast Portland, Oregon 8 INTRODUCTION My goal with this study is to speak to issues related to affordable housing affecting African immigrants and refugees. These are issues not only affecting the city of Portland, but most major cities with rising rents. As Hyra (2015) asserts, “in the last two decades many urban areas irrefutably experienced an influx of people coinciding with widespread neighbourhood revitalisation” (p. 1755). The influx of people in Portland has caused an increase in rents in Northeast Portland, more so than in other neighborhoods. The Northeast Portland neighborhood has experienced significant increases in rent. Dressel (2018) states, “It is shown that outlying neighborhoods, including East Portland and North Portland neighborhoods, had higher percentages of rising rents than central neighborhoods other than downtown” (p. 31). Increasing rents in Northeast Portland put African immigrants and refugees who live in Northeast Portland at a disadvantage. According to Curry-Stevens (2013), among Africans, “Incomes are devastatingly low at half those of Whites and one-third lower than the average among communities of color” (p. 58). Compared to other populations, this disparity in income inevitably makes it more difficult for the African population to afford housing. Additionally, immigrants and refugees of color experience many forms of discrimination for a variety of reasons (Curry-Stevens 2013, p. 33-34). The 2017 Executive Order enacted by President Trump,

Cycles of Displacement: The Experience of Immigrants and Refugees from East Africa in Northeast Portland