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In the last 30 years, the number of women in the criminal justice system has risen significantly, yet the criminal justice system still bases much of its policy on empirical research conducted using a majority of male subjects. Risk and need assessments, which are generally used to categorize inmates into varying risk levels to lower recidivism, have been faulted by many feminist scholars for having little pertinence for women. Their lack of gender sensitive factors has left many scholars questioning their validity. Available correctional programs are based on the knowledge collected by these “gender neutral” assessments. Therefore, female offenders are not receiving rehabilitation that is relevant to their lives. This paper examines the context of female offenders, the theoretical framework of criminality and gender, the current understanding of gender specific needs, and the application of Risk and need assessments, specifically the LSI-R (Levels of Service Inventory-Revised), and their consequences. Although there is some overlap between the factors that predict recidivism of men and women, the lack of data specifically to women has resulted in a lack or resources for women. This paper concludes with suggestions for further research into the risk levels and assessments and changing correctional policy in order to distribute resources to better serve the needs of women. Introduction: The Gendered Effects of Public Policy Overflowing prisons, a weakened and overburdened foster care system, communities broken by the constant recidivism of their membersthese are the fruits of mass incarceration. Beginning in the 1980’s, rates of incarceration in the United States started to increase slowly. By the end of the 90’s, this increase was nothing less than exponential. Currently, America has incarcerated more of its population than any other country in the world, imprisoning about 1 in every 35 adults. The War on Drugs, which began its rampage in the 80’s, is one major cause for the rise in incarceration. Mandatory sentencing was implemented for minor drug offenses, with the number of incarcerated individuals skyrocketing as result. The increased severity on drug related crimes proved to have gendered effects.

Understanding Women in Prison: A Review of Gender Specific Needs and Risk Assessments and their Policy and Research Implications