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Surgical simulation training has been proposed to counter any erosion of surgical education due to limited operating room exposure. Current resident assessment is limited to subjective global rating scales as no standardized models exist to quantifiably assess the improvement in surgical proficiency in the operating room. The question addressed in this study was twofold: 1) Do motion patterns during shoulder arthroscopy correlate with level of expertise, as they do during knee arthroscopy? 2) Can improvement in shoulder arthroscopy technique performed on a cadaveric shoulder model be quantifiably measured? A novel model was developed to quantify the improvement in surgical proficiency by implementing Opal inertial sensors to quantify degrees of movement in four planes of motion while performing a diagnostic arthroscopy on a cadaveric shoulder. An average of individual surgeon joint positions was analyzed by taking the difference between pretest and posttest procedures (p < 0.05). Four conclusions can be drawn from the results. Most compelling of the conclusions was the observed improvement in the camera hand, but not the probe hand. These preliminary results are promising for future research of the tested novel model to quantify the improvement in surgical proficiency. This research suggests that future experiments in this field of study could be improved by the implementation of a modified experimental design based on the results observed from these experimental trials. This research also suggests that the independent assessment of both the probe hand and camera hand is critical to the analysis of improvement in surgical proficiency.

Wearable Inertial Sensors Allow for Quantitative Assessment of Arthroscopic Skill in a Cadaveric Shoulder Model