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This dissertation investigates the use an array of active nonlinear elements, with particular emphasis on controlling distortion products generated by nonlinear elements in space rather than using conventional ways such as transmission lines, waveguides, and power dividers and combiners. The nonlinear elements are made of assemblies of antennas and electronic switches, called modulated scatterers (MSs). These so-called MSs elements are utilized in a wide variety of applications such as radio frequency identification (RFID) systems, microwave imaging, Internet-of-Things sensors, etc. However, no research work has been reported in the literature regarding exploiting and controlling several distortion products generated by MSs at the same time according to the best of authors’ knowledge. To facilitate controlling distortion products which means suppressing or enhancing distortion products in space, we present a nonlinear array with elements that are MSs instead of conventional antennas. MSs are switched ON-OFF at different times by modulation signals having the same frequency. The time delay of the switching process between array elements represents a relative phase shift difference in the frequency domain. Thus, the presented structure is called the phase-modulated scattering array (PMSA). The PMSA has a similar layout of phased arrays, but it does not have a feeding network and is fed by an external source called the illuminating source. Because our system does not need a feeding network and phase shifters, it is potentially easier to implement with low cost. Two different signals which are the illuminating (incident) and modulation signals interact inside switches to generate a huge number of distortion products due to the nonlinearity of switches and the periodic nature of the presented system. Distortion products then leave the presented PMSA to space again (i.e., scattering

UHF and Microwave Phase-Modulated Scattering Array