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i DEDICATION  iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS  iv LIST OF TABLES  ix LIST OF FIGURES  xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS  xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION  1 PROBLEM STATEMENT  4 CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW  6 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER (TT)  6 Technology Transfer Definitions  6 TT General Characteristics  9 TT Types  14 TT Mechanisms  20 TT Methods  23 TT Application Areas  25 TT Complexities, Challenges, and Gaps  26 TT Relationship with Other Fields and Concepts  27 TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER/COMMERCIALIZATION IN THE ENERGY SECTOR  35 R&D AND BUSINESS STRATEGY  46 General Aspects of R&D Alignment with Business Strategy  47 Methods and Tools for Aligning R&D with Business Strategy  48 Gaps on the R&D Alignment with Business Strategy  50 STRATEGIC TECHNOLOGY CONTROL – A PROCESS  52 RESEARCH GAPS  58 CHAPTER 3 – RESEARCH APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY  61 RESEARCH GAPS, GOALS, AND QUESTIONS  61 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY  62 Action Research  62 Similar Methods  73 vii Why Action Research?  86 Hierarchical Decision Modeling (HDM)  91 Other Approaches and Why Choose HDM  104 RESEARCH FRAMEWORK  110 1st Step – AR and Literature Review  111 2nd Step – Initial Model  112 3rd Step – Experts Panel Formation  112 4th Step – Model Validation  115 5th Step – Model Quantification  116 6th Step – Desirability Curves  117 7th step – Model Application and Analysis  117 RESEARCH VALIDITY  129 CHAPTER 4 – RESEARCH MODEL DEVELOPMENT  131 INITIAL MODEL  131 EXPERT PANELS FORMATION  139 MODEL VALIDATION  150 Perspectives Validation  150 Factors Validation  151 Validated Model  154 MODEL QUANTIFICATION  157 Perspectives Quantification  157 Factors Quantification  159 Summary of Model Quantification  167 DESIRABILITY CURVES  170 CHAPTER 5 – RESEARCH MODEL APPLICATION  192 BPA’S TT PROCESS  192 BPA’s TT Process in Light of Literature  193 THE ACTION RESEARCH PROJECT  197 APPLICATION RESULTS  200 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS  211 CHAPTER 6 – DISCUSSION  218

A Scoring Model to Assess Organizations' Technology Transfer Capabilities: The Case of a Power Utility in the Northwest USA