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i Acknowledgements  ii List of Tables  v List of Figures vi Chapter 1: Introduction  1 Research Questions  3 Conceptual Model  4 The Sunnyside Neighborhood  9 Selecting a Comparison Neighborhood  10 The Brooklyn Neighborhood  12 Chapter 2: The Neighborhoods  14 The Sunnyside Neighborhood  14 History of the Sunnyside Neighborhood  14 Sunnyside Organizations and Associations  18 Planning Efforts in Sunnyside Neighborhood  20 The Brooklyn Neighborhood  25 History of the Brooklyn Neighborhood  25 Geographic Sections of Brooklyn  29 Brooklyn Neighborhood Plan  31 Chapter 3: Literature Review  38 The Neighborhood  38 Place Identity and Sense of Place 40 Place Attachment  40 Neighborhood Identity and Sustainable Behavior  42 Neighborhood Organizations  43 Spatial Structure  44 Transportation Infrastructure  45 The Household  47 Attitudes and Beliefs  49 Social Norms and Social Capital 50 Socio-Economic Factors  53 Chapter 4: Methodology  55 iv Hypotheses  55 Overview of Methodology 56 Subject Recruitment  56 Limitations  60 Questionnaire Design  61 Chapter 5: Survey Results  67 Engagement  68 Neighborhood Identity  73 Sunnyside Neighborhood Identity  74 Brooklyn Neighborhood Identity  80 Neighborhood Sustainability  85 Household Sustainability  91 Transportation  97 Environmental Concern  105 Demographics  106 Chapter 6: Discussion  110 Hypothesis 1  111 Hypothesis 2  113 Hypothesis 3  114 Hypothesis 4  116 Hypothesis 5  118 Hypothesis 6  119 Hypothesis 7  120 Hypothesis 8  121 Conceptual Model Revisited  123 Chapter 7: Conclusion  126 Study Limitations  126 Suggestions for Future Research 128 Conclusion  130 References  133 Appendix A – Survey Flyer and Newsletter Announcement  142 Appendix B – Survey Instrument  144

Neighborhood Identity and Sustainability: A Comparison Study of Two Neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon