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i Acknowledgements  ii List of Tables  vii List of Figures  viii Chapter One: Introduction  1 Statement of Problem  1 Development of the Study  4 Conceptual Framework  6 Research Questions and Hypotheses  7 Overall Study Research Question:  7 Quantitative Research Questions:  7 Quantitative Research Hypotheses:  8 Qualitative Research Questions:  8 Purpose of the Study  9 Relevance to Social Work  9 Chapter Two: Literature Review  11 Juvenile Justice in the United States  11 Juvenile justice in Oregon.  15 iv Residential Placements  17 Juvenile sex offenders (JSOs).  21 Therapies  21 Groups.  22 Milieu  23 Point and levels system.  24 Mixed Methods in Juvenile Justice Residential Settings  25 Chapter Three: Theory  27 Engagement 27 Theory of Change (TOC)  29 Study program’s TOC.  30 Chapter Four: Methods  35 Study Setting  35 Study Design  35 Sample for Quantitative Core  36 Variables for Quantitative Core  38 Time.  38 Transition.  38 Age.  39 Race/ethnicity.  39 v Status.  39 JSO.  39 Individual sessions.  39 Individual engagement.  40 Group sessions.  40 Group engagement.  40 Family sessions.  41 Family engagement.  41 Analysis for Quantitative Core  42 Method for Qualitative Supplement 47 Sample for Qualitative Supplement  48 Analysis for Qualitative Supplement  49 Chapter Five: Results  51 Preliminary Findings for Quantitative Core  51 Cox Regression Findings for Quantitative Core  55 Model 1.  57 Model 3  58 Model 4.  59 Model 5.  59 Model 7.  63 Findings for Qualitative Supplement  63 vi Theme 1: Significance of Race/Ethnicity  66 Theme 2: Family and Culture  67 Theme 3: Residential Care Structure.  69 Theme 4: Agency and choice.  70 Theme 5: Internalization  72 Chapter Six: Discussion and Conclusion  74 Discussion  74 Limitations  83 Implications for Social Work Practice and Future Research  86 Conclusion  87 References  91 Appendix A. Recruitment Scripts  107 Appendix B. Interview Guide  109 Appendix C. Participant Questionnaire  112 Appendix D. Consent Form  113 Appendix E. Grbich’s Five Stages of Analysis  117

Investigating Time During Residential Program until Transition for Adjudicated Youth: A Mixed Methods Study using Event History Analysis with Follow-Up Interviews