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i Dedication  iii Acknowledgements  iv List of Tables  x List of Figures  xi Preface  xii Chapter I: Introduction  1 A. The US Refugee Resettlement System: A Background  5 B. The Somali Community of Portland: An Overview  13 C. Thesis Outline  16 Chapter II: Literature Review  19 A. The Refugee Experience: An Overview  19 B. Refugee Resettlement: Between Displacement and Adjustment  23 C. Refugee Identity Formation and Negotiation  33 D. Somali Refugees and the Somali Diaspora  45 E. Conclusion  56 Chapter III: Methodology  63 A. Selection of Participants  64 B. Sampling Shortcomings  70 C. Data Collection  71 ! ix! D. Data Analysis  79 Chapter IV: Findings  85 A. Overview of Findings: The Resettlement Journey  85 B. Identity Formation and Negotiation  95 C. Social Roles as Informed by Identity  139 D. Summary  163 Chapter V: Discussion  164 A. Significance of Findings  164 B. Community Needs and Recommendations for Service Agencies  182 C. Future Research  205 D. Limitations of Study  207 E. Conclusion  209 References  211 Appendix A: Research Announcement/ Participant Recruitment Poster  220 Appendix B: Informed Consent Form (English Version)  221 Appendix C: Informed Consent Form (Swahili Version)  224 Appendix D: Interview Protocol  226 Appendix E: List of Community Organizations  230

Living Between Worlds: Arrival and Adjustment Experiences of the Somali Community in Portland, Oregon