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i DEDICATION iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LIST OF TABLESviii LIST OF FIGURESix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION  1 Significance, Prevalence and Implications of Parental Differential Treatment  2 Purpose of and Motivation for the Proposed Research 5 Importance to Social Work  7 Summary  8 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 9 Theoretical Frameworks  9 Family Systems/Ecological Theory 9 Distributive Justice Framework.  13 Social Comparison Theory 13 The Parent‐Child Subsystem 15 The Sibling Subsystem  18 Shared and Nonshared Environment  20 Mothers’ and Fathers’ PDT  22 Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Studies ‐ Implications of PDT on Children’s Adjustment  24 Cross‐Sectional and Longitudinal Studies ‐ Implications of PDT on Siblings’ Relationships  28 PDT and Additional Factors to Consider  29 Child‐specific and sibling factors.  29 Parent‐, family‐, and other contextual factors 32 Methodologies, Measures and Analytic Approaches in the PDT Literature  33 vi Methodologies and Measures.  33 Analytic Approaches and Statistical Analyses.  37 Research Goals and Research Questions 39 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY  42 Research Design  42 Sample 43 Participants 43 Procedures 44 Interventions  45 Parent management training (PMT).  45 Sibling plus parent management training (SPMT).  45 Community partner treatment (CPT) 46 Measures 47 Analysis Strategy  53 Forms and Hypotheses for Research Question 1 55 Forms and Hypotheses for Research Question 2 56 Forms and Hypotheses for Research Question 3  57 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS 59 Preliminary Analysis Steps  59 Constructs and Construct Development 61 Child’s Overt Antisocial Behavior 61 Warmth 62 Hostility 64 Difference Scores ‐ Parental Differential Treatment  66 PDT Re‐examined 71 Research Question 1 Regressions  75 Research Question 2 Regressions – Exploring Moderation  83 Research Question 3 ANOVAS – Exploring Malleability  95 CHAPTER V. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION  97 Primary Findings 97 vii Strengths and Limitations  106 Strengths  106 Limitations.  108 Lessons Learned  110 Implications & Future Directions  112 Implications for Practice, Policy and Future Research 112 Future Directions.  114 Conclusions 116 REFERENCES119

Parental Differential Treatment (PDT) of Siblings: Examining the Impact and Malleability of Differential Warmth and Hostility on Children's Adjustment