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Archaea that colonize deep-sea hydrothermal vent polymetallic sulfide deposits are phylogenetically and physiologically diverse. However, due to technological and sample limitations, the global archaeal inter-vent field patterns and the patterns between diverse sulfide deposit formations are still poorly understood. Of the archaeal lineages, the methanogens, Thermococcales and the Archaeoglobus often represent the dominant groups, while little is known about the ecological relationships of the much less abundant Nanoarchaeota and Ignicoccus spp. To investigate the global patterns of abundance and distribution of these archaeal groups, I used lineage specific and methanogen mcrA functional gene primers for qPCR analysis to compare the archaeal community abundance from 54 samples across ten globally distributed and geochemically distinct vent fields. The archaeal community assemblage varied dramatically from hydrothermal vents with different vent host rocks along the MidAtlantic Ridge and Eastern Lau Spreading Center. In contrast, two vent fields in the East Pacific, 9°N on the EPR and Guaymas Basin that are basalt and basalt-sediment hosted respectively were found to have similar community composition. The differences in community composition between the vent fields may be attributed to the metabolically available energy, as the hydrogen oxidizing archaeal groups were found in higher proportion in the ultramafic and fast spreading basalt vent fields that are more enriched in hydrogen. The lineage specific analyses of the Nanoarchaeota and Temperatures: a. 64.0 C b. 63.3 C c. 61.8 C d. 59.8 C e. 57.4 C f. 55.3 C g. 53.8 C h. 53.0 C

Abundance and Distribution of Major and Understudied Archaeal Lineages at Globally Distributed Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents