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ions about these relationships are made. To complete the holistic analysis, the researcher takes a different stance and studies the system relationships with any supra-system relative to it. A mathematical model is next composed. The mathematical model can then be coded -if necessaryinto a computer model. Figure 13is a tree representation of the hierarchy of the proposed approach. The focus is on the on-ramp system. From the system level at B, ramp lanes, lights, queues etc. at level C are subunits of the on-ramp system. 1-8 segment at level A is a supra-system of which the on-ramp is itself a subunit. The ranking of supra-system/system/ subsystem (or subunits) is relative to the viewing level, as suggested by Lendaris. ++ A. SUPRASYSTEM : 1-8 Segment : ++ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ ++ ++ ++ On-Ramp : other I I B. SYSTEM(s) viewer plane : Freeway : : Subsections : I System , .: Systems : ++ ++ ++ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ / \ subsystems / \ subsystems / \ / \ / \ ++ ++ ++ C. SUBSYSTEMS : Queues: : Lights : •••• : etc. : ++ ++ ++ Fi$!UI'e 13. Tree Representation of Systems Hierarchy and the Decomposition into Subunit Blocks.

Freeway Control Via Ramp Metering: Development of a Basic Building Block for an On-Ramp, Discrete, Stochastic, Mesoscopic, Simulation Model within a Contextual Systems Approach