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i Dedication  iv Acknowledgements  v List of Tables  viii List of Figures  ix Introduction  1 Geologic Setting and Description of Units  5 Geologic Setting  5 Eruptive History of Mount Pinatubo  8 1991 Eruptions of Mount Pinatubo  12 Sample Descriptions  16 Analytical Methods  20 Electron Microprobe (EMP) Analysis  20 Laser-Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) . 21 Correlation of EMP and LA-ICP-MS  25 Results  29 Major Element Apatite Populations  29 Sulfur  38 REEs  59 Other Trace Elements  64 Discussion  69 vii Sulfur Concentrations in Apatite  69 Trace Element Concentrations in Apatite  81 Melt Environment of High-S vs. Low-S Apatites  86 Fluid-Enhanced Crystallization  94 Conclusions  101 References  103 Appendix A: Samples  112 Sample Descriptions  112 Apatites  115 Sample Numbers  116 Appendix B: Electron Microprobe (Additional CD in Back)  117 Methods  117 Apatite Analysis  119 Appendix C: LA-ICP-MS  137 ETH  137 Appendix D: Correlation of EMP and LA-ICP-MS  155 Appendix E: Host/Matrix LA-ICP-MS  191 Appendix F: Element Maps  218 Methods  218 Apatite Analysis  219

Apatite Crystal Populations of the 1991 Mount Pinatubo Eruption, Philippines: Implications for the Generation of High Sulfur Apatite in Silicic Melts