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Collective memories of gay rights in the late 1970s offer a conflicted portrait of Anita Bryant, an infamous anti-gay personality who inspired, organized, or funded four anti-gay referendums between 1976 and 1978. This paper employs J. Jack Halberstam's concept of "metronormativity" in an analysis of campaigns that fought to preserve local gay rights laws in Miami and Eugene, the first and last of Bryant’s four “target cities.” Using L. Frank Baum’s Wizard of Oz as a metaphor, I compare the beginning of Bryant’s role as a leader in Miami to her subsequent role as a specter of national controversy in Eugene. I posit that gay rights leaders in Miami struggled in terms of “queer localization,” the ability to localize their ideas, claims, and needs to the voting majority. The loss of gay rights, I argue, led to an inversion of metronormativity in which the outcome of the Eugene referendum affected gay politics in the larger city of Portland, Oregon. I conclude with a comparison of Anita Bryant and San Francisco Supervisor Harvey Milk that suggests both figures created a metronormative myth that can be understood critically in terms of leaving the Yellow Brick Road.

Beyond the Yellow Brick Road: Queer Localization in the Age of Anita Bryant, 1974-1980