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This thesis investigates three processes thatcontrol the evolution of oceanic margins. Chapter 2 presentsseismic images of a ~2-km-thick evaporite body in Guaymas Basin,central Gulf of California. In rifts, evaporites form underconditions unique to the latest stages of continental rupture, andthe presence, age, thickness, and shape place new constraints onthe history of early rifting there. Chapter 3 presents numericalexperiments that show that diapirs can form in sediments on thedown-going plate in subduction zones and rise into the mantlewedge, delivering the sedimentary component widely observed in arcmagmas. Chapter 4 presents measurements of seismic anisotropy fromwide-angle, active-source data from the Middle America Trench thataddress the hypothesis that the upper mantle is hydrated byseawater flowing along outer-rise normal faults. These measurementsindicate that the upper mantle is ~1.57 to 6.89% anisotropic, andthis anisotropy can be attributed to bending-related faulting andan inherited mantle fabric. Accounting for anisotropy reducesprevious estimates for the amount of water stored in the uppermantle of the down-going plate from ~2.5 to 1.5 wt%, a significantchange in subduction zone water budgets.

Evolution of oceanic margins : rifting in the Gulf of California and sediment diapirism and mantle hydration during subduction