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Felix Haurowitz is widely recognized as a major 20 century contributor to biochemistry and immunology. His lifetime contributions to knowledge have been well documented as has been most of his life story. What has been left unsaid is how this valuable intellectual was saved from Nazi racism in his native Czechoslovakia, his trials and tribulations in coming to America, and the difficulty in finding a job within a climate of pervasive anti-Semitism. To be sure, much has been written about the migration of German intellectuals to America and the UK during the 1930s. However there is precious little, especially in the English language, about the larger topic of German, Austrian, and Czech migration of intellectuals to Turkey after the Nazis took over their countries. Starting in 1933 that migration involved over 1000 individuals including families, assistants, and colleagues, representing all disciplines and professions. In headcounts the biochemistry contingent was small – three to six individuals depending on who is considered a biochemist; in duration of their stay in Turkey it was short –a decade or two. Its impact on the host society however, was monumental. It was also significant in terms of the people-based knowledge that was preserved, conserved if you will, and allowed to develop – in a way placed in escrow for other societies and for future generations. Haurowitz 2 lost the right to teach at the University of Prague soon after the Nazis took over Czechoslovakia in 1939. Like many of his colleagues he was caught at a crossroads and targeted in the cross fires of history. Events in his native land presented him with a Hobson’s choice—leave if you can or die! However, anti-Jewish bias in the west, in America and its European allies, was silently effective in preventing safe passage across the Atlantic during the 1930s. Recognizing the desperate situation of his colleagues, German Jewish physician Phillip Schwarz set up a Swiss-based organization to help place as many of his contemporaries as he could outside Nazi-dominated lands. One of the countries Schwarz contacted was Turkey. The expellees, though not all Jewish were the intellectuals and the professionals. Beginning in 1933, those who were chosen for what they could bring with them could look to Turkey as a safe haven. This held true until the war’s end in 1945. Turkey needed the brains and skills these men and women possessed and offered them contracts and accommodations. Felix Haurowitz was among the lucky ones to have been invited. His life was saved because Turkey, a country heretofore alien in every aspect to the Haurowitz family, was at that time discarding the society and culture inherited from the

Exiled in Turkey from Nazi Rule, Eminent Biochemist Felix Haurowitz Became Indiana’s Adopted Son