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Compactness and moisture content are important and mutually influential soil parameters that affect plant growth, nutrient absorption, and nutrient transportation. To simultaneously measure these two parameters, we developed a combined penetrometer standing wave ratio (PSWR) probe; acceleration measurement was facilitated to eliminate the error caused by varying penetration speeds. The performance of the instrument was analyzed and verified through laboratory and field measurements. The cone-index measurements from an SC-900 sensor and the moisture content calculated by the drying method and a TDR sensor were used to evaluate the performance. The results prove that acceleration compensations can improve the accuracy of cone-index measurements. Further, the sensitive range of the PSWR probe was the area a 10 cm diameter. The linear-fitting coefficient of output voltage and volumetric moisture content exceeded 0.96, and the output was stable; therefore, the moisture content measurements using the PSWR probe were validated. Furthermore, the accuracy and stability of measurements using the PSWR probe and a TDR sensor were similar. The field-measurement results agreed with the results from the drying method, and satisfied the practical implementation requirements. Conclusively, the validated efficiency and the cost-effective stainless-steel structure of the probe render it suitable for practical applications.

COMBINED PENETROMETER AND STANDING WAVE RATIO PROBE TO MEASURE COMPACTNESS AND MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOILS