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Plants regulate leaf transpiration rate and water potential by changing the number of stomata and their rate of opening and closing. Stomata act as turgor-operated valves for gas exchange and water evaporation based on environmental needs. During stomatal development, various transcription factors and related genes are involved in the reception or transduction of environmental factors and hormones. Recent studies have led to significant advances in our understanding of intercellular signaling, the underlying pathways, and the polarity of the asymmetric division that controls stomatal development. The endogenous and exogenous factors that regulate these elements have also been identified. However, the mechanism of stomatal formation and development is highly complex and several morphogenesis-related questions are still unresolved. In this review, the molecular basis of stomatal development, including transcription factors, functional genes, and regulatory pathways, is described in detail. The connection between stomatal development and environmental factors such as CO2, light, temperature and air humidity is discussed. In addition, the influences of plant hormones on stomatal development are sketched out in the review. We also highlight critical questions requiring future research and form a detailed list involving in gene functions and trait changes in mutants.

A REVIEW: MOLECULAR REGULATION OF STOMATAL DEVELOPMENT RELATED TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND HORMONES IN PLANTS