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In September of 1820 the Army of the Andes landed in Pisco to start the last phase of the Spanish-American Independence War by freeing Peru. The leaders of the Army of the Andes as well as viceroy Pezuela and his generals held different expectations of how the population on the cost would react to the invasion of a foreign army. Yet none of them imagined the inhabitants would organize militias, sometimes in coordination with the army, but oftentimes independently from them. In this article I explore both the generals’ expectations as well as the original ways in which the people from Peru decided to fight the war thereby redefining its nature.

Las milicias locales y la bandolerización de la guerra de independencia en el Perú (1820-1822)