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The following contribution deals with the development of the titles of supreme state organs (i.e. heads of state) in European countries during the communist era with respect to the differences between these countries. The head of state is considered to be a symbol representing the state in relation to other countries and often functions as a living symbol of the unity of the state. Central European, South-Eastern and Eastern European countries with communist regimes would change the organ that served as head of state. These changes were motivated in some cases by the fact that monarchy had been deposed and replaced by the republic, but the countries that had been republics before the communist coups d’état changed their supreme organs, as well. The value of discontinuity was this way reinforced by titular or symbolic discontinuity. All the so-called Eastern Bloc countries (the Soviet Union and its satellites) used to be republics (monarchy is by defi nition precluded in such countries). Nevertheless, most of these countries refused the traditional concept that the head of the republic should be the President of the Republic. Although, some of them (mostly only for a limited period) were represented by the President of the Republic, most of these countries in accordance with the principle of collective leadership replaced the individual President by collective organs such as the titular head of state (the chairman of this collective organ was regarded as the head of the republic). However, despite the proclaimed principle of collective leadership, political life was organized on the basis of the leader principle. The Secretary General or First Secretary of the Communist Party (the Head of the Communist Party) was positioned on top of the pyramid. The Head of the Communist Party functioned sometimes as a head of state, sometimes as a head of government, but there was no common rule: the practice varied in different countries. Despite the specifi c practices in different Eastern Bloc countries, there were some common features. The basic common feature was the collectivity of the organ that served as head of state (if presidency had been abolished). The abolition of presidency often ensued after the death of the incumbent president or after the adoption of a new constitution. Before the description of the historical situation in Eastern Bloc countries, let me engage in a brief summary about the respective situation in our current world. Most of contemporary republics favour a constitutional system, in which the President of the

acta juridica hungarica

The continuity and discontinuity of the titles of supreme state organs in the European countries of the Communist Bloc with special attention to the situation in Czechoslovakia