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Complex socio-economicchanges dramatically altered the composition and functioning of ranch society in Rio Grande do Sul and Buenos Aires province during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This essay examines comparatively some of the major socio-economíc and demographic changes that reshaped those regions and tests the validity of the theory of the demographic transition for both. Protests by the Brazilian nationalist Moysés Vellinho to the contrary notwithstanding, the pampean cattle regions of southem Brazil and Argentina displayed remarkably similar cultural characteristics and pattems of development. Differences arose in timing and degree, but both areas «rnodernized» according to the same general pattern, and both populations experienced the changes associated with the beginning of the demographic transition to lowered mortality and fertility. Their most significant difference lay in the realm of national politics. Rio Grande had a relatively weak voice in national poliey-making compared to the political hegemony of pampean cattle ranchers in Argentina. (1) Dense clouds of myth and symbol, exciting and occasionally half-true but at variance with social realities, obscure the histories of both Rio Grande and Buenos Aires province. Demographic data, principally from published censuses, offer a useful scalpel to slice through the veil of romanticism and reveal how both societies changed from the late 1800sto the early twentieth century. Gaúcho and gaucho defining the tenns is as difficult as detennining the social realities encompassed by them. The word «gaúcho» has been in use since the last quarter of the eighteenth century in the Rio de Ia Plata and most frequently referred to vagabond horsemen who chased, killed, and skinnedwild livestock and traded the hides illicitly. The term implied marginality and criminality, but by the nineteenth century it broadened to include virtually all rural horsemen who owened no land. The etymology and useage of the term «gaúcho» parallels that of gaucho and also suffers from a number of conflicting interpretations. (2) Both tenns are utilized in a non-pejorative sense throughout this paper to indicate the rural ranchworkers of Rio Grande and Buenos Aires province. Hoary myths of frontier individualism, independence, and egalitarianism clothe both Brazilian and Argentine horsemen. Mythical kníghts of the pamp!l pervade literature in both areas. Riograndense writers praise gaúchos as «vi-

Gaúcho and gaucho: comparative sócio-economic and demographic change in Rio Grande do Sul and Buenos Aires Province, 1869-1920