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Epigenetic El Vapor gold mineralization is hosted by the Segovia batholith and sedimentary rocks at both sides of El Nus fault, in the eastern flank of the Colombian Andes central cordillera. Gold mineralization is composed by continuous and discontinuous sigmoidal and stockwork veins and veinlets from a few centimeters to two meters of thickness and by hydrothermal breccias. Ore mineralogy includes Pyrite + Galena + Sphalerite + Chalcopyrite + Pyrrhotite + Proustite - Pyrargyrite. Gold is recognized as inclusions within pyrite, between quartz crystals and as fractures filled within pyrite at a late stage of mineralization. The fluid inclusions in quartz veins occur as clusters of primary inclusions and alignments of secondary and pseudo-secondary inclusions. Based on petrography and Raman spectroscopy, four types of fluid inclusions could be recognized: (1) Type I inclusions, biphasic, liquid-rich, with CO2 (v) + N2 (v) + CH4 (v) + KCl + NaCl + H2O(L), primary inclusions, (2) Type II inclusions, multi-volatile, CO2(V) + CO2(L) + N2(V) + CH4(V) + KCl + NaCl + H2O(L), primary to pseudo-secondary inclusions, (3) biphasic, liquid-rich inclusions, composed of H2O(v) +H2O(L)+KCl+NaCl with secondary origin and two different times of formation (IIIA and IIIB) (4) Type IV inclusions, very rare, three-phasic, secondary inclusions and composed by S+H2O(V)+H2O(L)+KCl+ NaCl. The microthermometric and spectroscopic analysis of fluid inclusions indicates that fluids associated with the first event of mineralization identified in El Vapor have low to moderate salinities (3.5-9.2 wt%NaCl equiv.), with trapping temperatures between 214°C and 350°C and pressures between 0.5kbar and 2.9kbar. There is evidence of the isothermal fluid mixture, and fO2 changes per reaction of fluids in the carbonaceous shales of the Segovia sedimentary rocks could influence the process of gold deposition. Hydrothermal fluids from El Vapor were near neutrality and reduced; similar features have been found in orogenic deposits hosted by turbidite sequences around the world.

Microthermometry and Raman spectroscopy of fluid inclusions from El Vapor gold mineralizations, Colombia