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Energy resources in addition to water resources are the most limited resources in Jordan, being one of the fourth poorest countries in water resources, and limitation of surface water resources put huge pressure on groundwater which is the main resource there. High expenses and the increasing prices of oil over all worlds increase the feasibility to mining the oil shale that exists in southern Jordan area, Siwaqa. This study took place to clarify the possible effects of mining and energy production activities on the water resources in that area. Groundwater vulnerability mapping was done for many areas all over the country, including this part. The initiative of this work is to determine the vulnerability under the conditions of removing the bedrock of the oil shale which is described as a con ning layer. Results that are obtained by this work conclude that the oil shale area becomes highly vulnerable to the human activities because of the existing geological structures while it is small and medium vulnerable in the elds in which there are no geological structures. In addition to the structural features and adding the possibility of the oil shale mining from the outcropped areas which will decrease the depth to water table and hence will affect the vulnerability values.  Efectos en las fuentes de agua subterranea de la mineria ex situ de esquistos bituminosos, en el area de Siwaqa, al sur de Jordania, a traves del indice DRASTIC y la evaluacion hidroquimica del agua  Resumen Las fuentes de energia y agua son las mas limitadas en Jordania, uno de los cuatro paises mas pobres en recursos hidricos; ademas, las limitadas fuentes super ciales hacen de las aguas subterraneas las mas importantes. Las ganancias y el precio del petroleo, por su parte, incrementan la viabilidad de la mineria de esquistos bituminosos en el sur de Jordania, en la region de Siwaqa. Este estudio se realiza con el  n de establecer los posibles efectos de las actividades de produccion de energia y mineria en las fuentes hidricas de la zona. Se elaboro un mapa de vulnerabilidad para las fuentes de agua subterranea en varias regiones del pais, incluida el area de estudio. La iniciativa de este trabajo es determinar la vulnerabilidad si se remueve el lecho rocoso del esquisto bituminoso, que funciona como una capa de con namiento. Los resultados obtenidos evidencian que el esquisto bituminoso se torna bastante vulnerable a las actividades humanas debido a la presencia de estructuras geologicas, mientras que su vulnerabilidad es media o baja en aquellos lugares donde no hay estructuras geologicas. Ademas de los rasgos estructurales, existe la posibilidad de que la mineria del esquisto bituminoso en las areas de a oramiento podria descender hasta la capa freatica y alli afectar los valores de vulnerabilidad.

earth sciences research journal/earth sciences research journal

The effects of ex-situ oil shale mining on groundwater resources in Siwaqa area, southern Jordan, using DRASTIC index and hydrochemical water assessment