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X-ray Computed Tomography (X-ray CT) has allowed for the efficient non-destructive characterization of the internal structure of paving asphalt mixtures (AM), and has led to multiple practical lessons learnt based on the analysis of laboratory- and field-produced AM. This paper aims at summarizing these practical lessons, to facilitate their future application and further developments, in terms of: (i) fabrication of laboratory specimens, (ii) comparison of laboratory- and field-compacted mixtures, (iii) comparison of hot-mix asphalt and warm-mix asphalt mixtures, (iv) effects of additives, temperature, and compaction, (v) stone-on-stone contact, (vi) relationship between internal structure and performance, and (vii) modeling applications. These practical lessons are primarily gathered from the analysis of the air void distribution of laboratory-and field-produced AM, evaluated through X-ray CT, which has led to relevant inputs for the assessment of the response and performance of AM. X-ray CT enables computation of the AM internal structure with multiple practical applications and future opportunities to enhance the microstructure of AM and, consequently, optimize their performance.

Practical lessons learnt from the application of X-ray computed tomography to evaluate the internal structure of asphalt mixtures