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Stress occurs with the pressure of external and internal (infectious or non–infectious) causes which forces change in animals. This stress not only emerge with behavioral or clinical signs, but also will result with immune response formed by body. Understanding and evaluating this subclinic response is also possible with the help of Acute Phase Proteins (APP–AFP) which are released by tissues and organs when exposed to external and internal changes as well as known hormonal changes. Cattle are fed because of their economical importance and the inflammatory processes have influence on their yield levels. Because the stress is laying under all these health problems, also it is getting attention how stress effect the animals. Stress can be divided into main four groups: physical (mechanical), inflammatory (infectious), behavioral and other stress factors. The main APPs which all groups mostly using in their studies are serum amyloid A (SAA) haptoglobin (Hp), ceruloplasmin (Cp), fibrinogen (Fb), lipopolisakkarit binding protein (LBP) ve α1–Acid Glycoprotein (AGP).

THE EFFECTS OF STRESS ON ACUTE PHASE PROTEINS OF CATTLE