English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle is an endemic tree species occurring in China and northern Vietnam. It was brought to Europe around the mid-18th century, by a French monk, Pierre Nicolas d’Incarville. The species was initially introduced into France and England (Kowarik et al., 2007). The first records concerning the introduction of the tree of heaven in Poland date back to 1808, when it was planted in the Botanical Garden in Krakow. Soon after that it was introduced into more localities. In the second half of the 19th century, the species was offered in the catalogues of tree nurseries, and its popularity is confirmed by the fact that it appeared in these offers for many years without interruption (Seneta, 1991). In one of the well-known books on gardening it stated that Ailanthus altissima in Poland often succumbs to frost, but sprouts easily from its roots, which implies that it has more been often seen as a shrub than as a tree form. At that time, the decorative value of the plant was emphasised, above all for its large feathery leaves (Jankowski, 1888). Freezing shoots during winter had an additional effect of enlarging the leaves which gave the plant a more exotic appearance. In order to achieve this effect it was even recommended that the plants be cut at ground level every year (Seneta, 1991). In the 20th century it was found that the species has low environmental requirements and great resistance to air pollution, therefore making it highly suitable as an urban tree, particularly in industrial regions, although in Poland it was not used in great numbers. According to Pacyniak (1976) who reports the locations of this species, it was planted in a scattered manner almost across the whole country, except for in the eastern and northeastern regions. The mature trees were also valued for their decorative flowers and fruits. However, less recommended were individuals with male flowers because of their unpleasant castor oil smell (Seneta, 1991). Towards the end of 20th century interest in this tree species in Poland waned owing to an increase in publicised information concerning the invasive nature of the species, its uncontrolled spread, and its emergence in the forests of a number of European countries (Eliáš, 2011; Kowarik et al., 2007). The data on the occurrence of Ailanthus altissima in Polish towns and the issues associated with its migration and settlement, are sparse. A small amount of data are available for Warsaw (Sudnik-Wójcikowska, 1998), and Wrocław (Bąbelewski et al., 2005). Detailed data on the location of these tree plants in Krakow, although only within the narrow city centre, was provided by Bogdanowski (1997). The objective of the study was to record the features of the oldest and largest specimens within the centre of Krakow and to determine the factors affecting their condition, aesthetical values, as well as the importance of trees of heaven within the urban space. Study area The study was conducted in the oldest part of the city of Krakow i.e. its narrow centre limited by the second ring road. The area selected is historically the earliest within SELECTED PROBLEMS OF AILANTHUS ALTISSIMA (MILL.) SWINGLE PRESENCE IN URBAN SPACES: THE CASE OF THE CITY CENTRE OF KRAKÓW

Selected problems of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle presence in urban spaces: the case of the city centre of Kraków