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Primary processing is key to define the final properties of a metallic product, and more so when deformation from subsequent forming operations is not significant. With titanium alloys, primary reduction is done exclusively above β-transus (α/β phase-change temperature). Additional area reduction is mostly done below β-transus, where microstructure refinement and thus yield strength and ductility are directly linked to the amount of deformation in the α+β range.1 Hotworkability, which also improves with grain refinement, is limited to a narrow temperature gap in most titanium alloys. Grain growth and phase change to β limit the upper forming temperature, while crack formation limits the lower one. Hot-torsion testing was used due to its distinctive advantages. In particular, great strains at constant strain rate can be applied without severely changing the specimen’s geometry. Also, homogenous deformation is favored, since the absence of friction and necking, as in compression and tensile testing, reduces strain localization.

Study of hot-workability of titanium alloys through hot-torsion testing and its application to the optimization of forging and extrusion processes