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The religious complex of Qâni’ was excavated by the French Archaeological Mission in Jawf-Hadramawt in 1995 and 19961 and a burnt-out warehouse in the Sector VI, was excavated by the Russian Archaeological Mission in Yemen between 1985 and 1994.2 Thirty-nine samples were gathered during the various campaigns to be investigated by geochemical techniques in order to identify frankincense.1−4 The archaeological site near the modern village of Bi’r’Ali on the coast of the Arabian Sea cost, 100 kms southwest of al-Mukalla, is located in a bay (Figure 1). The site was easily identified as ancient Qâni’ and its name appears in two inscriptions found there, CIH 621 and CIH 728. A Russian team excavated the site between 1972 and 1994. The French Archaeological Mission in Jawf-Hadramawt worked on the site for three seasons between 1995 and 1997 in collaboration with A. Sedov, head of the Russian team. An Italian Mission, directed by B. Davidde, ran two seasons of underwater excavations in the bay of Bi’r’Ali in 1996 and 1998.3 The environment of the site does not lend itself to agriculture and only barely to pastoral activities. The bedrock is basalt covered by sand. Subterranean sweet groundwater is extant and feeds wells that are still in use today. This was a royal foundation in a remote region and dependent on an organized supply system. In founding Qâni’, the intention of the rulers in Shabwa, capital of the Kingdom of Hadramawt, was to participate in the flourishing sea trade, as well as to create a maritime outlet for its own production of resins. Sailors believed, and this is borne out by maritime charts, that Bi’r’Ali was the bay with the best location along the whole Arabian coast between Aden in Yemen and Ra’s Al Hadd in Oman, and the black peak of Husn al-Ghurāb is an excellent navigational landmark. Figure 1 The ancient city of Qâni’ (© Joël Suire and Hélène David / Mission archéologique Jawf-Hadramawt).

Frankincense and bitumen of the middle period (1st century-5th century AD) from the ancient Harbour of Qâni’ (Yemen)