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Smoldering is a slow combustion process that burns without flame and leads to the initiation of fire. Smoldering is the main responsible potential source of substantial fire hazards generating momentous loss of nature, resources, economy, and fire deaths. Smoldering combustion can be initiated by weak sources of heat and yields a high conversion of fuel to toxic products per unit mass smoldered, can shortly cause transition to flaming combustion and difficult to detect and extinguish. The important attribute of smoldering is that it is difficult to detect and extinguish and it can abruptly transit to flaming. Smoldering fires have resulted in significant operational and functional engineering failures reported on earth and as well as in space operations. The smoldering is often described as a heterogeneous combustion, because the reaction occurs on the surface of the solid fuel, rather than in the gaseous phase of the released flammable vapors. It is a combination of partial combustion and pyrolysis. The propagation of smoldering ignition front is well known to develop in three different zones viz., degradation, smoldering reaction and ash. Smoldering combustion is broadly studied and defined according to the direction in which the smolder reaction propagates relative to the oxidizer flow viz., reverse and forward (Figure 1). In forward smoldering, the air moves in the same direction as the smoldering front whereas in reverse smoldering, the air moves in the opposite direction of the smoldering front. An important aspect in attention is the existence of air flow at certain velocities (forced flow) in combustion processes. The presence of external forced flow over the combustion processes is very likely to affect the ignition and the process propagation. The altered ignition possibly will result in smoldering yielding a higher conversion of fuel to toxic compounds than does flaming and may undergo a transition to flaming.

Experimental insight on the role of forced flow velocity and separation distance on reverse smoldering