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Glucose and mannose, the major structural units found in softwood hemicelluloses, were used to produce 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, in the presence of a commercial zeolite (which acted as an acidic catalyst), and in the presence or absence of co-catalysts. Experiments were performed under diverse operational conditions, and the reaction kinetics were interpreted by a mechanism involving three major reactions (non-productive substrate conversion, HMF generation, and HMF decomposition). Activation energies were determined for the best reaction medium.

Kinetics of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural production from monosaccharides in media containing an ionic liquid and a solid acid catalyst