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The goal of this study is to describe briefly two trepanned cranial specimens from a Span- ish medieval archaeological site. One of them belongs to a mature male in which a grooving trepana- tion technique was used. The other is a mature female skull in which a scraping procedure was per- formed. The historical context of the individuals is assessed, as well as characteristics from both trepanations and evidence of survival after the intervention. In the female skull, signs of osseous re- generation can be observed, which imply survival after the operation. No survival signs can be found in the male skull. Possible causes that could have motivated the intervention are also discussed.

Evidence of trepanations in a medieval population (13th-14th century) of northern Spain (Gormaz, Soria)