English (United Kingdom)

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/featured_content/oa?rat=en

https://curated-unify.zendy.io/wp-json/zendy-region/v1/highlighted_journal/

Global: Zendy Plus annual

Presents the access of premium content as premium feature

Premium Content

Presents the keyphrase highlighting as premium feature

Keyphrase Highlighting

Presents the summarisation as premium feature

Summarisation

Insights

Presents the pdf analysis as premium feature

PDF Analysis

Presents the zaia usage as premium feature

ZAIA

Global: Zendy Plus monthly

Global: Zendy Tools annual

Global: Zendy Tools monthly

Global: Zendy Free Plan

Co-precipitation and absorption methods were investigated for removal of boron from produced water, which is groundwater brought to the surface during oil and natural gas extraction. Boron can be toxic to many crops and often needs to be controlled to low levels in irrigation water. The present research focused on synthetic reverse osmosis (RO) concentrate modeled on concentrate expected from a future treatment facility at the Arroyo Grande Oil Field on the central coast of California. The produced water at this site is brackish with a boron concentration of 8 mg/L and an expected temperature of 80°C. The future overall produced water treatment process will include lime softening, micro-filtration, cooling, ion exchange, and finally RO. Projected boron concentrations in the RO concentrate are 20 to 25 mg/L. Concentrate temperature will be near ambient. This RO concentrate will be injected back into the formation. To prevent an accumulation of boron in the formation, it is desired to reduce boron concentrations in this concentrate and partition the boron into a solid sludge that could be transported out of the area. v The primary method explored for boron removal during this study was adsorption and co-precipitation by magnesium chloride. Some magnesium oxide tests were also conducted. Jar testing was used to determine the degree of boron removal as a function of initial concentration, pH, temperature, and reaction time. Synthetic RO concentrate was used to control background water quality factors that could potentially influence boron removal. The standard synthetic RO concentrate contained 8 g NaCl/L, 150 mg Si/L and 30 mg B/L. After synthetic RO concentrate was prepared, amendments (e.g. sulfate, sodium chloride) were added and the pH adjusted to the desired value. Each solution was then carried through a mixing and settling protocol (5 min at 200 RPM, 10 min at 20 RPM, followed by 30 min settling and filtration). Boron concentrations from the jar tests were determined using the Carmine colorimetric method. Boron removal with magnesium chloride was greatest at a pH of 11.0. At this pH 87% of boron was removed using 5.0 g/L MgCl 2 • 6H 2 O at 20°C. Mixing time did not greatly affect boron removal for mixing periods of 5 to 1321 minutes. This result indicates equilibrium was achieved during the 45-min experimental protocol. Maximum boron removal was observed in the temperature range of 29°C to 41°C. At 68°C boron removal decreased five-fold compared to the …

REMOVAL OF BORON FROM PRODUCED WATER BY CO-PRECIPITATION / ADSORPTION FOR REVERSE OSMOSIS CONCENTRATE