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Binary opposition as an ordering principle of thought has, indeed, been a paradigm for modes of thinking in Western civilization. Doubtless, evolutionary biology has been pivotal in the deconstructing of radical binary oppositions. The history of non-evolutionary biology goes beyond the circle of fundamentalist Christian opponents of evolution. Long before Christianity, Greek philosophical anthropology assumed an atomistic worldview, paradigmatically expressed in Aristotle, sometimes in Plato, and given its modern character by Descartes. The primary binary opposition manifest in these thinkers, and more importantly, in the general ethos of their historical epoch, is the mind­ body dualism. The body is like any other natural entity, to be understood in atomistic-mechanistic language. The human soul, as a ghost in the machine, is incorporeal and spiritual in nature. Professor Sheets-Johnstone recognizes that this example of binary opposition gave rise to the situation wherein human beings are both essentially and morally segregated from God, animals, nature, and even each other. This foundational ordering principle established a justification for human tyranny over other creatures and the entire natural world. Much of the reign of tyranny over nature stems from outdated religious, biological, and metaphysical systems of thought. These

Response: What Does Evolutionary Theory Tell Us About the Moral Status of Animals