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The percentage of sperm motility (92–100%), spermatozoan velocity (112–163 μm·s −1 ) and control hatching rates (83–96%) were evaluated for each of six gold and five green male common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ). In all 30 possible paired combinations of sperm-competition tests, hatching rates of 90–97% were achieved. The mean percentage of offspring sired was strongly influenced by the male used ( P  &lt; 0.001,  R   2  = 0.91). The best male sired an average of 88% of the offspring in its competition tests, and the worst male sired only 5%. Spermatozoan-quality parameters could explain only part of the variation in male competitive ability. The male effects alone explained 91.4% of the observed variance, consisting of 17.1% explained by spermatozoan motility and 32.5% by control hatching rates in single fertilizations. Undetermined male effects explained 41.8%. The velocity of spermatozoa had no effect on the outcome of sperm competition. Neither was there any link between spermatozoan velocity and hatching rate in a control hatching test, whereas there was an effect of motility on hatching rate in this same test.

Spermatozoal competition in common carp (Cyprinus carpio): what is the primary determinant of competition success?