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Two decades have passed since the discovery of phospholipase C zeta (PLCZ1) as the sperm oocyte activating factor. At present, there is a general consensus that PLCZ1 is responsible for triggering the calcium (Ca 2+ ) oscillations necessary to start the oocyte activation process in mammals. One proof is that abnormal, reduced, or absent PLCZ1 in human spermatozoa leads to fertilization failure (FF) after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). ICSI is the most effective assisted reproduction technique and enables overcoming almost all male infertility conditions. Despite fertilization rates of up to 80%, FF does occur in 1-3% of ICSI cycles, which leaves these patients with few options for obtaining genetically related offspring. Assisted oocyte activation (AOA) using Ca 2+  ionophores has emerged as a useful treatment option for these patients. While AOA has been proven very beneficial for the treatment of sperm-related FF, some cases of female-related FF cannot be overcome by AOA. Therefore, the development of appropriate diagnostic tests that predict the prognosis of AOA treatment would be advantageous to improve the clinical management of these patients and shorten the time to pregnancy. The aim of this review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the genetic causes of FF after ICSI, and to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using PLCZ1 as a diagnostic marker or therapeutic molecule in comparison with currently available diagnostic tests and treatments.

SPERM FACTORS AND EGG ACTIVATION: Fertilization failure after human ICSI and the clinical potential of PLCZ1