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Oocyte activation is a calcium (Ca 2+ )-dependent process that has been investigated in depth, in particular, regarding its impact on assisted reproduction technology (ART). Following a standard model of signal transduction, Ca 2+ drives the meiotic progression upon fertilization in all species studied to date. However, Ca 2+ changes during oocyte activation are species specific, and they can be classified in two modalities based on the pattern defined by the Ca 2+ signature: a single Ca 2+ transient (e.g. amphibians) or repetitive Ca 2+ transients called Ca 2+ oscillations (e.g. mammals). Interestingly, assisted oocyte activation (AOA) methods have highlighted the ability of mammalian oocytes to respond to single Ca 2+ transients with normal embryonic development. In this regard, there is evidence supporting that cellular events during the process of oocyte activation are initiated by different number of Ca 2+ oscillations. Moreover, it was proposed that oocyte activation and subsequent embryonic development are dependent on the total summation of the Ca 2+ peaks, rather than to a specific frequency pattern of Ca 2+ oscillations. The present review aims to demonstrate the complexity of mammalian oocyte activation by describing the series of Ca 2+ -linked physiological events involved in mediating the egg-to-embryo transition. Furthermore, mechanisms of AOA and the limitations and benefits associated with the application of different activation agents are discussed.

Single Ca2+ transients vs oscillatory Ca2+ signaling for assisted oocyte activation: limitations and benefits