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Poly(ADP-ribosylation), which occurs rapidly in cells following DNA damage and is regulated by poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP1), is a post-translational modification of proteins playing a crucial role in many processes, including DNA repair and cell death. Although PARP1 has recently been implicated in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, its role in the process of follicular development and atresia is not yet completely defined. This study was designed to investigate the cellular expression pattern and immunolocalization of PARP1, cleaved PARP1, caspase 3, and cleaved caspase 3 in fetal, neonatal, and adult porcine ovaries. Our results showed that in fetal and neonatal pigs, PARP1 cleavage is involved in the process of oocyte nest breakdown, primordial follicle formation, and transition to primary follicles. The results of immunohistochemistry indicated that PARP1 cleavage was involved in the process of follicular development and atresia, which was in accordance with our previous study; however, it was noted that cleaved caspase 3 was mainly localized in and around the nucleus of apoptotic granulosa cells (GCs), whereas cleaved PARP1 was mainly localized in the nucleus of the apoptotic GCs. RIA data showed increased serum progesterone and estradiol concentrations with age after birth. Collectively, our findings suggest that the PARP1 signaling pathway is involved in oocyte nest breakdown and primordial follicle formation in fetal and neonatal porcine ovaries, but is different from follicular atresia in adult porcine ovaries that involves cellular apoptosis.

Roles of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP1) cleavage in the ovaries of fetal, neonatal, and adult pigs